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Home  ›  Which States Require A Background Check To Buy A Gun?

Which States Require A Background Check To Buy A Gun?

Written By Wednesday, April 27, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Groundwork checks for individual sales of firearms in the United States

This article is about background checks for private sales of firearms in the U.s.. For background checks in general, see Background check.

Proposals for universal background checks would require almost all firearms transactions in the United States to be recorded and go through the National Instant Criminal Background Bank check Organization (NICS), closing what is sometimes chosen the private auction exemption. Universal background checks are not required by U.Southward. federal law, but at to the lowest degree 22 states and the District of Columbia currently require groundwork checks for at least some private sales of firearms.

Groundwork [edit]

Federal police requires background checks (through the National Instant Criminal Background Check Arrangement) only for guns sold through licensed firearm dealers, which account for 78% of all gun sales in the United States. This figure was published in a 2017 written report by the Annals of Internal Medicine which, using a 2015 survey, institute that 22% of recent gun transfers (purchased and nonpurchased) were completed without a groundwork check.[1] The authors noted that while this number was less than in years past, it nonetheless indicates that millions of American adults are able to obtain firearms without background checks.[1] The electric current federal law allows people non "engaged in the business" of selling firearms to sell firearms without a license or records. A 2008 report from the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence (CSGV) stated that the National Instant Criminal Groundwork Check System had prevented over one.4 million felons and other prohibited persons from purchasing firearms in the years betwixt 1994-2005.[two] According to the CSGV, the law also has a prohibitive event, that deters illegal purchases.

In November 1998, President Beak Clinton directed the U.S. Secretarial assistant of the Treasury and the U.Southward. Attorney General (A.G.) to provide recommendations apropos the fact that 25 pct or more of sellers at gun shows are non required to run background checks on potential buyers. This was called the gun show loophole.[3] : 3, 12 [four] [5] : 27 Ii months after, Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Offense Gun Traces was released.[3] The Secretarial assistant and the A.M. made 7 recommendations, including expanding the definition of "gun evidence," and reviewing the definition of "engaged in the business organisation".

After the Columbine Loftier School massacre in Apr 1999, gun shows and groundwork checks became a focus of national debate.[6] [vii] [viii] In May, the executive vice president of the National Rifle Association (NRA) told the Business firm Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, "We think information technology is reasonable to provide mandatory, instant criminal groundwork checks for every sale at every gun evidence."[9] : 118 Those concerned most the shows believed they were a source of illegally trafficked firearms.[ten] [nb 1] Efforts to reverse a key characteristic of the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA) by requiring criminal groundwork checks and purchase records on individual sales at gun shows, which had become prolific in the U.Southward. since the police force's passage in 1986, were unsuccessful.[eleven] [12]

Private sale exemption [edit]

In the Baronial v, 2010, consequence of The New England Journal of Medicine, researchers Garen J. Wintemute, Anthony A. Braga, and David Chiliad. Kennedy, wrote that gun shows account for only a fraction of all U.S. gun sales and that a more effective strategy would be to make all private-political party gun sales become through the screening and record-keeping processes that FFL dealers are required to do.[13] Their written report concluded:

Drawbacks with respect to expense and inconvenience nevertheless, 83% of self-reported gun owners and 87% of the general population endorsed regulation for all individual-party gun sales in a 2008 poll that was conducted for the advancement system Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Gun owners gave stronger support to this spread-out arroyo than to a gun-show-only proposal in a 2009 poll conducted for the aforementioned organization. Either proposal would face tough sledding on Capitol Hill. It would therefore seem preferable to movement frontwards with the version that is most likely to reduce the rates of firearm-related violence.[13]

Following the December fourteen, 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre, there were numerous calls for universal groundwork checks[14] [xv] [16] to close what is now referred to every bit the "private sale loophole."[17] [18] [19] In an essay published in 2013, Wintemute said that comprehensive groundwork checks that included individual sales would upshot in a simple, fair framework for retail firearms commerce.[20] : 103 In February 2014, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Enquiry reported that subsequently the 2007 repeal in Missouri of a long-standing police that required all handgun buyers to pass a background check in that location was a 23 percent increase in firearms homicides.[21]

A 2012 study published in the journal Injury Prevention constitute that nearly 80% of all firearms used for criminal purposes are obtained through transfers from unlicensed dealers, which are not required to acquit background checks in a majority of states due to the private sale exemption.[22]

In 2017, a written report by researchers from Northeastern University and the Harvard Schoolhouse of Public Health showed that 22% of American gun owners who had obtained a gun in the previous two years did not undergo a groundwork check before doing so.[23]

Public opinion [edit]

Universal background checks enjoy loftier levels of public back up; a 2016 representative survey found 86% of registered voters in the United States supported the measure out.[24] V national polls conducted in 2015 show high levels of support for "expanded groundwork checks for gun purchases," with rates varying (93% and 89% support in 2 Quinnipiac University surveys, 92% support in a CBS/New York Times survey, 86% back up in a Gallup survey, 85% back up in a Pew Research Center survey).[25] A 2015 survey found that more than than xc% of Americans supported universal groundwork checks, and that, on average, Americans thought they would be more effective than any other gun policy.[26] There is evidence that many Americans incorrectly think that universal background checks are required by federal law; a 2016 survey institute that 41% of Americans believed this to be the instance. The same survey found that 77% of Americans supported universal groundwork checks, while only 53% supported stricter gun laws. Based on this information, the authors concluded that "this departure might be attributable to poor awareness of the limitations of existing laws."[27]

In 2015, large majorities of American adults, both Republicans (79%) and Democrats (88%), supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Enquiry Middle survey.[28] In 2017, strong majorities of American adults, both gun owners (77%) and non-gun owners (87%), supported groundwork checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Enquiry Center survey with an error attributable to sampling of +/- 2.8% at the 95% level of confidence.[29] In 2018, subsequently the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida, nearly all Americans supported universal background checks.[30] [31] 88% of registered voters supported universal groundwork checks, according to a Politico/Morning Consult poll with a margin of fault +/- 2%.[thirty] 94% of American voters supported universal background checks, according to a Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll with a margin of error of +/- 3.4%.[31]

A July 2019 poll past NPR found that 89% of respondents supported groundwork checks for all gun purchases at gun shows or other individual sales.[32] An overwhelming majority of Republicans (84%) and Democrats (96%) indicated their back up, suggesting at that place is bipartisan popular consensus on the broad topic in the public.[33]

Opposition [edit]

Gun rights groups such every bit the National Rifle Clan and National Shooting Sports Foundation oppose universal groundwork bank check proposals.[34] [35] Opponents of universal background checks argue that existing gun laws are sufficient; that the authorities does not prosecute enough of the attempted ineligible buyers who are turned away by the current organization; that background checks are an invasion of privacy; and that "transfer" might be divers too broadly.[36] Opponents also maintain that universal background checks would not stop crime[36] [37] and assert that the but way to properly enforce a universal system would be to require a registration database.[37] Gun-rights advocate and writer John Lott argues that universal background checks prevent poorer Americans from acquiring guns. Lott said that, as of Dec 2015, background checks added an effective cost of $80 (New York), $60 (Washington state), or $200 (Washington, D.C.) to transferring a firearm. Lott argues that universal background checks are an constructive tax on guns and tin can prevent less affluent Americans from purchasing them, and that this unduly affects poor minorities who live in loftier-crime urban areas.[38]

Some local counties take adopted 2d Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition to universal background check laws.[39] [forty]

Effectiveness [edit]

Studies [edit]

Universal background check laws were associated with a 14.9% reduction in overall homicides, according to a 2019 study by medical researchers including Michael Siegel of the Boston University School of Public Health and David Hemenway of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Wellness published by the Journal of General Internal Medicine. The written report authors wrote that "further enquiry is necessary to make up one's mind whether these associations are causal ones".[41]

An October 2018 study conducted by the Violence Prevention Research Program (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Centre for Gun Policy and Inquiry at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Wellness found no modify in firearm homicide or suicide rates in the ten years post-obit California's 1991 implementation of comprehensive background checks. The report's command group used firearm and not-firearm mortality information for 32 states that did non implement major firearm policies during the period from 1981-2000. In the written report menstruum, firearm suicide rates were ten.9 percent lower in California but a like decrease in non-firearm suicide was also observed. The study found no net departure between firearm-related homicide rates before and during the study period. The report authors identified a number of possible reasons for the zilch finding, including inadequate reporting of criminal records or other disqualifying information to groundwork-check databases (especially pre-2000); a failure past sellers to conduct the background check as required by police force; and the small number of persons afflicted past the California law.[42]

Another study past the VPRP institute that comprehensive background check policies led to increased background checks in Delaware, only not in Colorado or Washington. Not-compliance with the policy may be attributable to the lack of an increase in the latter 2 states.[43]

A written report published in July 2018 found no association between firearm homicide and suicide rates and the repeal of comprehensive background check laws in two states. The study compared rates from constructed command groups to rates in Indiana from 1981 to 2008 and in Tennessee from 1994 to 2008. Rates from the ii states' study periods were within the range of natural variability. The study also concluded that in order to empathize whether comprehensive background checks generally reduce firearm deaths, more testify from other states is needed.[44]

A study published in June 2018 in the Journal of Urban Wellness by authors affiliated with the Violence Prevention Research Program (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Eye for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Schoolhouse of Public Health establish comprehensive background bank check (CBC) laws not tied to a let-to-purchase police were associated with an increment in firearm homicide rates but not non-firearm homicide rates.[45] The authors of the study noted, still, that they have "identified no plausible theory to explain how requiring a prospective firearm purchaser to undergo a groundwork check would result in increased homicide rates."[45] In attempting to explicate the unexpected results, the researchers proposed an endogenous relationship such that states passing the CBC-merely laws were doing then in response to already rising firearm homicide rates.[45]

A 2016 study published in The Lancet attempted to measure the impact that 25 unlike state laws had on overall firearm-related bloodshed, and it found that universal background checks had the strongest overall affect.[46] Additionally, the researchers' projection of a federally implemented universal background check policy predicted that national firearm bloodshed could driblet from 10.35 deaths per 100,000 people to iv.46 deaths per 100,000 people.[46] A 2015 study published in the American Periodical of Public Health establish that a Connecticut law (enacted in 1995) requiring handgun buyers to undergo a background check (in order to obtain a required let) "was associated with a twoscore percent decline in gun homicides and a fifteen percent drop in suicides" during the law's commencement ten years in effect.[47] A 2014 study published in the Journal of Urban Health found that the 2007 repeal of a "permit-to-purchase" handgun law in Missouri (including the repeal of a background-check requirement) was associated with a 23% increase in the firearm homicide rate and a fifteen% increase in the murder rate, translating "to increases of between 55 and 63 homicides per year in Missouri."[48] The written report controlled for other variables that might affect homicides, including "changes in rates of unemployment, poverty, incarceration, burglary, law enforcement officers per capita, and the presence of four other types of country laws."[48] A 2013 study published in the JAMA Internal Medicine analyzed various types of firearm legislation across the U.Southward. from 2007-2010 and firearm-related deaths beyond all l states, and ended that stronger background checks were associated with lower overall firearm fatality rates.[49]

Scholarly surveys [edit]

In a survey published by the New York Times in Jan 2017, a panel of 32 scholars of criminology, public health, and constabulary rated universal background checks as the virtually effective policy to forestall gun deaths, ranking it #ane of 29 possible gun-related policies (7.3 on a 10-point effectiveness calibration).[l] In a subsequent skilful survey published in October 2017 on policies to curb mass shooting deaths specifically, the expert panel ranked universal checks for gun buyers and universal checks for ammunition buyers every bit 6.6 and vi.5 (on a 10-point effectiveness scale), respectively, ranking them as the 5th- and sixth-most constructive of 20 gun-policy proposals.[51]

A survey by Arthur Berg, Gary Mauser, and John Lott, published in the winter 2019-2020 edition of the Cato Institute quarterly Regulation, asked respondents (38 criminologists, 32 economists, and 50 public wellness researchers who had published an empirical report on firearms in a peer-reviewed journal) to rank the effects of 33 firearms policies (20 policies in the New York Times in 2017, plus 8 boosted policies that would loosen gun regulation, and five additional restrictive policies) on reducing murder rates and mass shootings. (Berg, Mauser, and Lott asked about "murder rates" rather than gun homicides considering they made the assumption that stricter gun laws would not touch on the homicide charge per unit.) Respondents ranked universal background checks 13th and 14th for reducing the murder rate and reducing mass shootings, respectively. Public health researchers were essentially likelier than economists and criminologists to rate universal background checks as effective.[52]

Implications for mental health counseling [edit]

Universal background check laws, which require that a groundwork check be conducted before any gun transfer, may apply to temporary removals of guns from the home of suicidal individuals. Some clinicians accept reported that these laws accept created defoliation about whether a gun transfer would exist legal, and therefore made information technology more than hard for them to counsel their patients.[53]

States with universal background check laws [edit]

Equally of July 2020, 22 states and District of Columbia require background checks for at least some private sales of firearms, equally follows:[54]

Jurisdiction Summary from Giffords Law Center[54]
California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Virginia,[55] Vermont, Washington, and the District of Columbia "Require universal background checks at the indicate of sale for all sales and transfers of all classes of firearms, whether they are purchased from a licensed dealer or an unlicensed seller."[54]
Maryland and Pennsylvania "Crave signal of auction groundwork checks for handguns but not for long guns, similar rifles and shotguns."[54]
Hawaii, Illinois, and Massachusetts "Crave all firearm purchasers to obtain a allow, issued after a background check, in gild to buy any firearm" (this requirement is in lieu of a point-of-sale background check)[54]
New Bailiwick of jersey "Requires firearm purchasers to both obtain a let to purchase a firearm and, if the purchase is from an unlicensed seller, behave the transaction through a federally-licensed firearms dealer."[54]
Michigan, Nebraska, and Northward Carolina "Permit and background check requirement for handgun purchases but not long-gun purchases."[54]

In Maine, a 2016 referendum to require background checks on private sales failed later a closely fought campaign, with "yes" gaining 48.2% of the vote and "no" gaining 52.8% of the vote.[56] [57] In 2014, a referendum in Washington land to require background checks on private sales (Initiative Measure out No. 594) passed,[54] with "yep" gaining 59.3% of the vote and "no" gaining xl.7% of the vote.[58]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ A written report released in 2009, ten years after Columbine, discussed the role that gun shows play in trafficking to Mexico.[5]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Matthew Miller, Physician, ScD; Lisa Hepburn, PhD; Deborah Azrael, PhD. "Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks". Annals of Internal Medicine . Retrieved February 20, 2017. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. ^ "America's Gun Shows: Open Markets for Criminals" (PDF). Coalition to Stop Gun Violence & Educational Fund to End Gun Violence. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-xi-27.
  3. ^ a b U.S. Section of the Treasury, U.S. Department of Justice (January 1999). "Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Offense Gun Traces" (PDF). atf.gov. Agency of Booze, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). Retrieved June 27, 2014. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. ^ "Gun Evidence undercover" (PDF). October 2009. p. 11. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  5. ^ a b "Firearms Trafficking: U.S. Efforts to Combat Arms Trafficking to United mexican states Face up Planning and Coordination Challenges" (PDF). gao.gov. The states Authorities Accountability Office (GAO). June 2009. GAO-09-709. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  6. ^ "The debate on gun policies in U.S. and midwest newspapers". Berkeley Media Studies Grouping. January i, 2000.
  7. ^ National Conference of Land Legislatures (June one, 2000). "Colorado Later on Columbine The Gun Debate". The Free Library past Farlex. Gale Group.
  8. ^ "No Questions Asked: Groundwork Checks, Gun Shows, and Offense" (PDF). Americans for Gun Safety Foundation. April i, 2001.
  9. ^ LaPierre, Wayne (May 27, 1999). "Statement of Wayne LaPierre, Executive Vice President, National Burglarize Clan at Pending Firearms Legislation and the Administration's Enforcement of Electric current Gun Laws: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Law-breaking of the Committee of the Judiciary of the Firm of Representatives One Hundred Sixth Congress Showtime Session". commdocs.house.gov. Washington, D.C. Retrieved July four, 2014. No loopholes anywhere for anyone.
  10. ^ "Post-obit the Gun: Enforcing Federal Laws Against Firearms Traffickers" (PDF). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). June 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2003.
  11. ^ Olinger, David (February 13, 2000). "Dealers live for gun shows". Denverpost.com . Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  12. ^ Baum, Dan (June 8, 2000). "What I saw at the gun evidence". rollingstone.com . Retrieved January 30, 2015.
  13. ^ a b Wintemute, Garen J.; Braga, Anthony A.; Kennedy, David M. (August 5, 2010). "Private-Party Gun Sales, Regulation, and Public Rubber". The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. 363 (half dozen): 508–511. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1006326. PMID 20592291. S2CID 40954102. Published online at nejm.org on June 30, 2010.
  14. ^ Hartfield, Elizabeth (December 24, 2012). "In Gun Control Contend, Arguments for Tougher Groundwork Checks, Better State Reporting". ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  15. ^ Sullum, Jacob (Jan 11, 2013). "4 Questions Near 'Universal Background Checks' for Gun Purchases". Reason.com (Blog). Reason Foundation. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  16. ^ More than universal sources:
    • Avlon, John (January 12, 2013). "Gun debate still rages later Sandy Claw slaughter". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Grouping. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Sullivan, Cheryl (January 12, 2013). "Gun contend 101: Time for 'universal' groundwork checks on buyers?". Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Martinez, Michael (January 28, 2013). "'Universal groundwork cheque:' What does it mean?". Cable News Network. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  17. ^ Fisher, Kristin (December 15, 2011). "Illegal Internet Gun Sales are Soaring in Virginia". WUSA9. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015. These Internet sales actually are the new gun shows.
  18. ^ Shapiro, Eliza (November 29, 2012). "Gun-Control Lobby Targets Obama, Demands Reform". Daily Fauna.
  19. ^ More than private sale loophole sources:
    • Kirkham, Chris (December 21, 2012). "Private Gun Sale Loophole Creates Invisible Firearms Market, Prompts Calls For Reform". The Huffington Postal service.
    • "Universal Groundwork Checks & the Private Sale Loophole Policy Summary". Smart Gun Laws. Law Center to Forestall Gun Violence. August 21, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
    • Taylor, Marisa (December 22, 2014). "Gun constabulary loophole could have provided Brinsley's murder weapon, say experts". Al Jazeera America. Through something known as the private sale loophole, he could have purchased the firearm in the private market at a gun show or out of someone's trunk.
    • Dobbs, Taylor (January 16, 2015). "Gun Rights Grouping Slams Proposed Legislation". Vermont Public Radio.
  20. ^ Wintemute, Garen J. (2013). "Comprehensive Background Checks for Firearm Sales: Evidence from Gun Shows". In Webster, Daniel Westward.; Vernick, Jon Due south. (eds.). Reducing Gun Violence in America. JHU Printing. pp. 95–107. ISBN978-one-4214-1110-1. OCLC 823897002.
  21. ^ Webster, Daniel (February eighteen, 2014). "ID Check Repeal Prompts Spike In Murders, Study Finds". All Things Considered (Interview). Interviewed by Audie Cornish. NPR. Retrieved June xxx, 2014.
  22. ^ Vittes, Katherine A.; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel West. (2012). "Legal status and source of offenders' firearms in states with the to the lowest degree stringent criteria for gun ownership". Injury Prevention. 19 (i): 26–31. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040290. ISSN 1475-5785. PMID 22729164.
  23. ^ Miller, M; Hepburn, 50; Azrael, D (iii January 2017). "Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks: Results of a National Survey". Register of Internal Medicine. 166 (four): 233–239. doi:ten.7326/M16-1590. PMID 28055050.
  24. ^ Bui, Quotrung; Sanger-Katz, Margot (Jan 10, 2017). "How to Prevent Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Agree". The New York Times . Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  25. ^ Carroll, Lauren (5 January 2016). "Laura Ingraham wrongly says claim that ninety% support for gun background checks has been debunked". Politifact . Retrieved vii January 2016.
  26. ^ Sorenson, Susan B. (October 2015). "Assessing views about gun violence reduction policy: A await at type of violence and expected effectiveness". Preventive Medicine. 79: 50–54. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.025. PMID 25952054.
  27. ^ Aronow, Peter M; Miller, Benjamin T (January 2016). "Policy misperceptions and support for gun control legislation". The Lancet. 387 (10015): 223. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00042-8. PMID 26842292.
  28. ^ Fingerhut, Hannah (January 5, 2016). "5 facts virtually guns in the United States". Pew Research Eye. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  29. ^ Parker, Kim; Menasce Horowitz, Juliana; Igielnik, Ruth; Oliphant, Baxter; Brown, Anna (June 22, 2017). "America'southward Complex Relationship With Guns". Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  30. ^ a b Shepard, Steven (Feb 28, 2018). "Gun command support surges in polls". Politico. Retrieved March 19, 2018. Eighty-eight percent support requiring groundwork checks on all gun sales.
  31. ^ a b "Poll Release May 22, 2019". Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. May 22, 2019. Retrieved September three, 2019. 94 Percent Back Universal Gun Background Checks
  32. ^ "Americans Largely Support Gun Restrictions To 'Do Something' Almost Gun Violence". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  33. ^ "Poll: Americans Non Sold On Trump — Or Democrats". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  34. ^ Tom Hamburger & Josh Dawsey, "Trump tells NRA chief that universal background checks are off the tabular array", Washington Post (August 20, 2019).
  35. ^ Brendan J. Lyons & Dan Freedman, "Cuomo, eleven other Democratic governors urge tighter gun regulations", Olean Times Herald (September 10, 2019).
  36. ^ a b Good, Chris (Apr 10, 2013). "The Example Against Gun Background Checks". ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  37. ^ a b K&A online editors (May 28, 2013). "NRA Members: Universal Background Checks 'Not a Solution'". Guns & Ammo. Intermedia Outdoors. Retrieved June xxx, 2014. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  38. ^ Lott, John (2015-12-03). "Mass Shootings and Gun Control". National Review.
  39. ^ "Daily Bulletin: Students Prep the Adjacent Round of School Walkouts for Gun Reform". The Trace . Retrieved 2019-03-09 .
  40. ^ "New Mexico governor enacts expanded gun groundwork checks". Las Cruces Sun-News . Retrieved 2019-03-09 .
  41. ^ Siegel, Michael; Pahn, Molly; Xuan, Ziming; Fleegler, Eric; Hemenway, David (March 28, 2019). "The Bear on of State Firearm Laws on Homicide and Suicide Deaths in the USA, 1991–2016: a Panel Study". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 34 (x): 2021–2028. doi:10.1007/s11606-019-04922-x. PMC6816623. PMID 30924089.
  42. ^ Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Kagawa, Rose G.C.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon South; Webster, Daniel W; Wintemute, Garen J. (2019). "California's comprehensive background cheque and misdemeanor violence prohibition policies and firearm bloodshed". Annals of Epidemiology. xxx: 50–56. doi:ten.1016/j.annepidem.2018.10.001. PMID 30744830.
  43. ^ Wintemute, Garen J.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W.; Kagawa, Rose Thousand. C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro (2018-12-01). "Comprehensive groundwork bank check policy and firearm background checks in three U.s.a. states". Injury Prevention. 24 (6): 431–436. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042475. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 28986427.
  44. ^ Kagawa, Rose M.C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W.; Crifasi, Cassandra; Rudolph, Kara E.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Shev, Aaron; Wintemute, Garen J. (2018). "Repeal of Comprehensive Background Check Policies and Firearm Homicide and Suicide". Epidemiology. 29 (4): 494–502. doi:x.1097/EDE.0000000000000838. PMID 29613872. S2CID 4594013.
  45. ^ a b c Crifasi, C.G., Merrill-Francis, M., McCourt, A. et al. "Association betwixt Firearm Laws and Homicide in Urban Counties." J Urban Health (2018) 95: 383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0273-three
  46. ^ a b Kalesan, Bindu; Mobily, Matthew Eastward; Keiser, Olivia; Fagan, Jeffrey A; Galea, Sandro (2016-04-30). "Firearm legislation and firearm mortality in the USA: a cross-sectional, state-level written report". The Lancet. 387 (10030): 1847–1855. doi:x.1016/S0140-6736(xv)01026-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 26972843. S2CID 21415884.
  47. ^ Rudolph, Kara E.; Stuart, Elizabeth A.; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel West. (2015). "Association Between Connecticut's Let-to-Purchase Handgun Police and Homicides". American Journal of Public Wellness. 105 (8): e49–e54. doi:ten.2105/AJPH.2015.302703. PMC4504296. PMID 26066959.
  48. ^ a b Webster, Daniel; Kercher Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon S. (2014). "Effects of the repeal of Missouri'southward handgun purchaser licensing constabulary on homicides". Journal of Urban Health. 91 (ii): 293–302. doi:10.1007/s11524-014-9865-viii. PMC3978146. PMID 24604521.
  49. ^ Fleegler, Eric W.; Lee, Lois K.; Monuteaux, Michael C.; Hemenway, David; Mannix, Rebekah (2013-05-13). "Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Fatalities in the United States". JAMA Internal Medicine. 173 (9): 732–twoscore. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1286. ISSN 2168-6106. PMID 23467753.
  50. ^ Quoctrung Bui & Margot Sanger-Katz (January x, 2017). "How to Prevent Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Agree". New York Times.
  51. ^ Margot Sanger-Katz & Quoctrung Bui. (October 5, 2017). "Experts poll on reducing mass shooting deaths". New York Times.
  52. ^ Lott, John R. and Berg, MD, Arthur and Mauser, Gary A., Expert Views on Gun Laws, Regulation (Winter 2019-2020).
  53. ^ McCourt, AD; Vernick, JS; Betz, ME; Brandspigel, S; Runyan, CW (i Jan 2017). "Temporary Transfer of Firearms From the Domicile to Foreclose Suicide: Legal Obstacles and Recommendations". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (one): 96–101. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5704. PMID 27842186.
  54. ^ a b c d eastward f 1000 h Universal Background Checks, Giffords Police force Center to Forestall Gun Violence (accessed Jan ane, 2020).
  55. ^ "Universal Background Checks". Giffords . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  56. ^ Kevin Miller, "Proposed expansion of gun background checks defeated", Portland Press Herald (November 8, 2016).
  57. ^ "November 8, 2016 Referendum Election: Official Results", Maine Section of the Secretarial assistant of State, Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions.
  58. ^ "November 4, 2014 Full general Ballot Results: Initiative Measure No. 594: Concerns background checks for firearm sales and transfers", Washington Secretarial assistant of Land.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Editorial board (February 18, 2014). "Missouri study shows why nosotros demand universal gun background checks". Chicago Sun-Times. Lord's day-Times Media. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  • Krouse, William J. (March 1, 2013). "Gun Control Proposals in the 113th Congress: Universal Background Checks, Gun Trafficking, and Armed forces Style Firearms" (PDF). U.Southward. Department of Land . Retrieved Feb 17, 2015.

Which States Require A Background Check To Buy A Gun?,

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